Spam email has accounted for a high percentage of email traffic and has created problems
worldwide. The deep learning transformer model is an efficient tool in natural language …

With the incremental use of emails as an essential and popular communication mean over
the Internet, there comes a serious threat that impacts the Internet and the society. This …

Email spam is a serious problem that annoys recipients and wastes their time. Machine-
learning methods have been prevalent in spam detection systems owing to their efficiency in …

With increasing number of documents in digital format, automatic text categorization has
become a crucial task in pattern recognition problems. To ease the classification task …

The remarkable ability to separate and identify self and non-self in a given problem space,
makes negative selection a fascinating concept of artificial immune system. Therefore …

Feature selection is known as a good solution to the high dimensionality of the feature space
and mostly preferred feature selection methods for text classification are filter-based ones. In …

The negative selection algorithm (NSA) is one of the important methods in the field of
immunological computation (or artificial immune systems). Over the years, some progress …

Spam email is a massive issue that bothers and consumes receivers' time and effort.
Because of its effectiveness in identifying mail as wanted or unwanted, machine learning …

Abstract Artificial Immune System (AIS) is inspired from Biological Immune System (BIS) and
demonstrates a lot of interesting facets and intelligence that include self-learning, self …

Context Numerous software design patterns have been introduced and cataloged either as
a canonical or a variant solution to solve a design problem. The existing automatic …