Background The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory
dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement
disorders which is characterised neuropathologically by progressive loss of dopaminergic …

Background. Loss of olfaction is a well-established early feature of Parkinson's disease
(PD). Although olfactory dysfunction has been widely described as a prodromal feature of …

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of hyposmia in Parkinson's disease
(PD) with other motor and non-motor symptoms and with the degree of nigrostriatal …

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and chemosensory dysfunction are non-motor symptoms of
Parkinson's disease (PD), but their association is unclear. We explored if MCI and the …

Background and Objective: Olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia) is an important non-motor
symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate the potential prognostic value of …

Background: Olfactory dysfunctions and hallucinations are considered common nonmotor
symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Visual and auditory hallucinations are well-known; …

The role of specific sex-related patterns in olfactory dysfunctions of Parkinson's disease (PD)
patients is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of specific sex-related …

Apathy is a neurobehavioural symptom affecting Parkinson's disease patients of all disease
stages. Apathy seems to be associated with a specific underlying non-motor disease …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is known for its motor alterations, but the importance of non-motor
symptoms (NMSs), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), is increasingly recognized. OD may …