Immunotherapy has recently emerged as the fourth pillar of cancer treatment, joining
surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. While early immunotherapies focused on …

Cancer is one of the main public health problems in the world. Systemic therapies such as
chemotherapy and more recently target therapies as well as immunotherapy have improved …

Ex vivo systems that incorporate features of the tumor microenvironment and model the
dynamic response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) may facilitate efforts in precision …

With the understanding of the complex interaction between the tumour microenvironment
and immunotherapy, there is increasing interest in the role of immune regulators in the …

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells (TCs) by
immunohistochemistry is rapidly gaining importance as a diagnostic for the selection or …

Background The programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) protein is a cell-surface receptor on
certain lymphocytes that, with its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), helps to down …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common human gastrointestinal cancer, and recent studies
indicate that circular RNA (circRNA) may regulate cancer development. In this study, we …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most popular primary central nervous system cancer and has an
extremely expansive course. Aggressive tumor growth correlates with short median overall …

Therapeutic options for the treatment of an increasing variety of cancers have been
expanded by the introduction of a new class of drugs, commonly referred to as checkpoint …

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor in children and young adults, with few
advances in survival and treatment, especially for metastatic disease, in the last 30 years …