Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by goitre, hyperthyroidism and, in
25% of patients, Graves ophthalmopathy. The hyperthyroidism is caused by thyroid …

Pretibial myxedema or localized myxedema or thyroid dermopathy is an autoimmune
manifestation of Graves' disease. It also occasionally occurs in Hashimoto's thyroiditis …

Thyroid dermopathy that occurs in 4–13% of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy is an
extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. Thyroid acropachy commonly presents with …

OBJECTIVE: To review the etiology, diagnosis, and clinical presentation of Graves disease
and provide an overview of the standard and adjunctive treatments. Specifically, antithyroid …

Smoking is the most important risk factor for the occurrence/progression of Graves'
ophthalmopathy (GO), as well as for its lower/slower response to immunosuppression …

Abstract Context: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is probably caused by autoimmune reactions
against autoantigen (s) shared by thyroid and orbital tissues sustained by intrathyroidal …

Context: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is present in about 50% of patients with Graves'
hyperthyroidism. It may range from mild to moderately severe and (rarely) to sight …

Purpose: Steroids are often used as medical therapy for active thyroid eye disease (TED).
While high-dose steroids have been shown to be effective in reducing the severity of TED …

Management of Graves' ophthalmopathy is preferably done in a multidisciplinary setting.
Smoking is associated with worse disease outcome. 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism can …

The findings in hyperthyroid patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) of antibodies against
antigens shared between the thyroid and orbit, such as the TSH-receptor (TRAb) and a …