There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years
for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited …

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was first described as a
growth factor that induces the differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitors in the …

Summary Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling is important for multiple potentially pathogenic
processes in the central nervous system (CNS), but the cell-type-specific roles of IL-1 …

Helminths have evolved to become experts at subverting immune surveillance. Through
potent and persistent immune tempering, helminths can remain undetected in human …

Activation of microglia and expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the
CNS have become almost synonymous with neuroinflammation. In numerous studies …

Multiple sclerosis (MS), and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,
are neuroinflammatory diseases driven by autoreactive pathogenic TH cells that elicit …

Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating and first-responding innate myeloid cells and
have so far been underestimated in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is the most …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous
system and is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis and inflammation. The …

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment is an early prevalent feature of multiple sclerosis
(MS), and remains vital for MS progression. Microglial activation precedes BBB disruption …

Molecular interventions that limit pathogenic CNS inflammation are used to treat
autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Remarkably, IL-1β–knockout mice …