Background It is widely accepted that intellectual property legal requirements such as
patents and data exclusivity can affect access to medicines, but to date there has not been a …

Although patent systems have been widely used both historically and internationally, there is
nonetheless a tremendous amount of controversy over whether patent systems, in practice …

Telecommunications infrastructure can lead to network spillovers and has the advantages of
breaking spatial barriers, reducing transaction costs, and fostering business model …

This research investigates and robustly verifies the impact of expansionary monetary policy
actions on green innovation, conducted on a panel covering 133 countries from 1960 to …

Corporate innovation is an increasingly important topic that has attracted great attention from
academic researchers in financial economics in recent years. Although the top three finance …

“TRADE is BAD.” So wrote President Donald Trump on a draft speech he was editing on Air
Force One while returning from a G-20 summit meeting in 2017.1 This statement reflects the …

Innovation is central to long-run economic growth. This chapter summarizes the state of the
literature on the economics of innovation, highlighting open policy questions. We first …

Abstract Analysis of the timing of launches of 642 new drugs in 76 countries during 1983–
2002 shows that patent and price regulation regimes strongly affect how quickly new drugs …

In 2005, as the result of a World Trade Organization mandate, India implemented a patent
reform for pharmaceuticals that was intended to comply with the 1995 Trade-Related …

We use data from seven low and middle income countries with diverse drug procurement
systems to assess the effect of centralized procurement on drug prices, and provide a …