Owing to cavitation inside the nozzle, spray breakup, and complex flow fields in the cylinder
of a spark ignition engine, a certain degree of cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) remains in …

Green hydrogen (H 2) becomes an important alternative fuel for decarbonizing internal
combustion engines (ICEs). Optimization of air-hydrogen mixture is a significant challenge to …

The current optical and thermal experimental tests were mainly focused on obtaining a
comprehensive understanding of the effects of gasoline direct injector fouling on mass flow …

The cyclic variation characteristics of the fuel-air mixture formation are essential for the fuel
economy and the operating stability of engines. In this work, the cyclic variations of flash …

Under idle operations of a spark-ignition direct-injection engine, issues such as misfire,
unstable combustion, and power imbalance between individual cylinders are often …