Responding to stimuli in ambiguous environments is partially governed by approach-
avoidance tendencies. Imbalances in these approach-avoidance behaviors are implicated …

Background A dearth of laboratory tests to study actual human approach-avoidance
behavior has complicated translational research on anxiety. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) …

Rewards are appetitive events that elicit approach. Ground-breaking findings from
neurophysiological experiments in animals, alongside neuropharmacology and …

Background Rodent approach–avoidance conflict tests are common preclinical models of
human anxiety disorder. Their translational validity mainly rests on the observation that …

Neural oscillations in hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are a hallmark of
rodent anxiety models that build on conflict between approach and avoidance. Yet, the …

Contemporary preclinical models suggest that abnormal functioning of a brain network
consisting of the hippocampus, midbrain and striatum plays a critical role in the …

The neural underpinnings of defensive behaviour have implications for both basic research
and clinical translation. This review systematically collates published research on neural …

Resolving approach-avoidance conflicts relies on encoding motivation outcomes and
learning from past experiences. Accumulating evidence points to the role of the Medial …

The rodent ventral and primate anterior hippocampus have been implicated in approach–
avoidance (AA) conflict processing. It is unclear, however, whether this structure contributes …

Negative and positive valence systems (NVS and PVS) pertain to processing of aversive
and rewarding stimuli, respectively. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been …