Antibiotics target essential cellular functions but bacteria can become resistant by acquiring
either exogenous resistance genes or chromosomal mutations. Resistance mutations …

Gene duplication provides raw material for functional innovation. Recent advances have
shed light on two fundamental questions regarding gene duplication: which genes tend to …

Evolutionary novelties have been important in the history of life, but their origins are usually
difficult to examine in detail. We previously described the evolution of a novel trait, aerobic …

Beim Studium der jüngeren Kontroversen über den Darwinismus fiel mir wiederholt auf, das
sie falsche Darstellungen enthielten, so als würde es sich um irgendetwas Umfassenderes …

Error s in protein synthesis disrupt cellular fitness, cause disease phenotypes and shape
gene and genome evolution. Experimental and theoretical results on this topic have …

Bacteria spend their lives buffeted by changing environmental conditions. To adapt to and
survive these stresses, bacteria have global response systems that result in sweeping …

In contrast to RNA viruses, double-stranded DNA viruses have low mutation rates yet must
still adapt rapidly in response to changing host defenses. To determine mechanisms of …

The traditional view of the stationary phase of the bacterial life cycle, obtained using
standard laboratory culture practices, although useful, might not always provide us with the …

Bacteria use diverse immunity mechanisms to defend themselves against their viral
predators, bacteriophages. In turn, phages can acquire counter-defense systems, but it …

Recent data suggest that, in response to the presence of antibiotics, gene duplication and
amplification (GDA) constitutes an important adaptive mechanism in bacteria. For example …