Porous flow fields distribute fuel and oxygen for the electrochemical reactions of proton
exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells through their pore network instead of conventional …

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are electrochemical devices that directly
convert the chemical energy stored in fuel into electrical energy with a practical conversion …

Abstract The 3D (three-dimensional) multi-phase CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model
is widely utilized in optimizing water and thermal management of PEM (proton exchange …

Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells are a promising energy-conversion technology. Over the last
several decades significant progress has been made in increasing their performance and …

This review discusses the history, fundamentals, and applications of different fuel cell
technologies, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), direct methanol …

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been recognized as a promising zero-
emission power source for portable, mobile and stationary applications. To simultaneously …

Owing to their high energy efficiency, low pollution, and low noise, fuel cells are widely
regarded as 21st century energy-conversion devices for mobile, stationary, and portable …

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a promising candidate as the next-
generation power sources for portable, transportation, and stationary applications. Gas …

Fuel cells may become the energy-delivery devices of the 21st century. Although there are
many types of fuel cells, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells are receiving the most attention for …

The PEFC has emerged as the most viable fuel cell type for automotive and some portable
applications, and also has potential back-up power unit applications due to its low operating …