This review explores the fundamental neuranatomical and functional bases for integration of
the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates and traces their evolution through …

The locus coeruleus (LC) lies in the dorsal pons and supplies noradrenergic (NA) input to
many regions of the brain, including respiratory control areas. The LC may provide tonic …

▪ Abstract This article reviews the relationship between pulmonary ventilation (v̇e) and
metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) during changes in ambient temperature. The main …

The traditional view has been that respiratory chemoreceptors responsive to changes in
PCO2/pH first evolved in air breathing vertebrates at both peripheral and central sites …

An isolated brainstem preparation of the bullfrog tadpole, Rana catesbeiana, displays
coordinated rhythmic bursting activities in cranial nerves V, VII and X in vitro. In decerebrate …

The primary role of the respiratory system is to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation,
eliminate carbon dioxide and help to regulate acid–base status. To maintain this …

To test the hypothesis that the episodic breathing pattern of bullfrogs is necessarily caused
by fluctuations of Pa O2 and Pa CO2/pH, the natural oscillations of blood gases associated …

In anuran amphibians, respiratory rhythm is generated within the central nervous system
(CNS) and is modulated by chemo-and mechanoreceptors located in the vascular system …

This review considers the environmental and systemic factors that can stimulate air-
breathing responses in fishes with bimodal respiration, and how these may be controlled by …

This study investigated the interaction between vagal afferent input and central
chemosensitivity in modulating the respiratory motor output of in vitro brain stem-spinal cord …