New generation sequencing is greatly expanding the capacity to examine the composition of
mutant spectra of viral quasispecies in infected cells and host organisms. Here we review …

RNA viruses are unique in their evolutionary capacity, exhibiting high mutation rates and
frequent recombination. They rapidly adapt to environmental changes, such as shifts in …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a global health threat as chronic HBV infection may lead to
liver cirrhosis or cancer. Current antiviral therapies with nucleoside analogues can inhibit …

Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 are respiratory pathogens of zoonotic origin that
have gained worldwide distribution. OC43 apparently emerged from a bovine coronavirus …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in many populations.
Due to its unique life cycle which requires an error-prone reverse transcriptase for …

More than 95% of adult infected with HBV show acute self-limited infection and eventually
eliminate the virus. In contrast, about 90% of people exposed to HBV in early childhood …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health burden worldwide, and currently there is
no cure. The persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the major …

Autophagy, a conserved process in which cells break down and destroy old, damaged, or
abnormal proteins and other substances in the cytoplasm through lysosomal degradation …

In many viral infections, a large number of different genetic variants can coexist within a host,
leading to more virulent infections that are better able to evolve antiviral resistance and …

We gratefully acknowledge the UK COVID-19 Genomics Consortium (COG UK) for funding,
and Public Health Wales/Cardiff University and MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus …