Biologists have long appreciated the critical role that energy turnover plays in understanding
variation in performance and fitness among individuals. Whole-organism metabolic studies …

Life's size and tempo are intimately linked. The rate of metabolism varies with body mass in
remarkably regular ways that can often be described by a simple power function, where the …

Organisms use energy to grow and reproduce, so the processes of energy metabolism and
biological production should be tightly bound. On the basis of this tenet, we developed and …

Both oxygen and temperature are fundamental factors determining metabolic performance,
fitness, ecological niches, and responses of many aquatic organisms to climate change …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

Abstract Background New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) comprise in silico and in vitro
methods applied as alternative to animal testing. Even though NAMs are already fully …

Despite many decades of research, the allometric scaling of metabolic rates (MRs) remains
poorly understood. Here, we argue that scaling exponents of these allometries do not …

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are well aware that natural and sexual selection do
not operate on traits in isolation, but instead act on combinations of traits. This long …

All animals on Earth compete for free energy, which is acquired, assimilated, and ultimately
allocated to growth and reproduction. Competition is strongest within communities of …

Explaining variation in the fitness of organisms is a fundamental goal in evolutionary
ecology. Maintenance energy metabolism is the minimum energy required to sustain …