Translation regulation largely occurs during initiation, which features ribosome assembly
onto mRNAs and selection of the translation start site. Short, upstream ORFs (uORFs) …

Coordinating cell growth with nutrient availability is critical for cell survival. The evolutionarily
conserved TOR (target of rapamycin) controls cell growth in response to nutrients, in …

Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α to initiate the integrated stress
response (ISR) is a vital signalling event. Protein kinases activating the ISR, including PERK …

Cell signaling in response to an array of diverse stress stimuli converges on the
phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). Phosphorylation of …

For organisms to coordinate their growth and development with nutrient availability, they
must be able to sense nutrient levels in their environment. Here, we review select nutrient …

Cells reprogram gene expression in response to environmental changes by mobilizing
transcriptional activators. The activator protein Gcn4 of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae …

Regulation of mRNA translation is a rapid and effective means to couple changes in the
cellular environment with global rates of protein synthesis. In response to stresses, such as …

Mammalian cells possess two amino acid-sensing kinases: general control
nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) …

The protein kinase Gcn2 is present in virtually all eukaryotes and is of increasing interest
due to its involvement in a large array of crucial biological processes. Some of these are …

Global inhibition of protein synthesis is a common response to stress conditions. We have
analyzed the regulation of protein synthesis in response to oxidative stress induced by …