Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the most potent toxins
known and cause botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs are also widely utilized as …

Botulinum toxin is a uniquely potent substance synthesized by the organisms Clostridium
botulinum, Clostridium baratii, and Clostridium butyricum. This toxin, which acts …

Most vaccines confer protection via the elicitation of serum antibodies, yet more than 100 y
after the discovery of antibodies, the molecular composition of the human serum antibody …

The toxic products of the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum,
Clostridium barati and Clostridium tetani are the causative agents of botulism and tetanus …

Infection by pathogens is generally initiated by the specific recognition of host epithelia
surfaces and subsequent adhesion is essential for invasion. In their infection strategy …

Mammalian hosts interface intimately with commensal and pathogenic bacteria. It is
increasingly clear that molecular interactions between the nervous system and microbes …

The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the paralytic human disease botulism and are
one of the highest-risk threat agents for bioterrorism. To generate a pharmaceutical to …

Clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in
severe diseases in humans and other animals. Most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming …

Sialic acids consist of a family of acidic ninecarbon sugars that are typically located at the
terminal positions of a variety of glycoconjugates. Naturally occurring sialic acids show an …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) induce muscle paralysis by selectively entering cholinergic
motoneurons and subsequent specific cleavage of core components of the vesicular fusion …