Highlights•The advantages of the P-graph for Process Network Synthesis (PNS) are
discussed.•A critical survey of key P-graph literature is given.•Promising directions for future …

Highlights•Biochar-based Carbon Management Networks (BCMNs) can give negative
emissions.•A P-graph approach to planning BCMNs is developed.•Optimal and near-optimal …

As most of the energy production and transformation processes are safety-critical, it is vital to
develop tools that support the analysis and minimisation of their reliability-related risks. The …

Designers of energy systems often face challenges in balancing the trade-off between cost
and reliability. In literature, several papers have presented mathematical models for …

P-graph is a graph-theoretic method which is designed to solve process network synthesis
(PNS) problem using combinatorial and optimisation algorithms. Due to its visual interface …

P-graph causality maps were recently proposed as a methodology for systematic analysis of
intertwined causal chains forming network-like structures. This approach uses the bipartite …

The first paper related to the P-graph framework dates back to the late 1970s. Since then,
multiple contributions concerning the framework have been published by numerous …