The complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain is finely
orchestrated by different systems, including the endocrine, immune, autonomic, and enteric …

Vulnerability to emotional disorders including depression derives from interactions between
genes and environment, especially during sensitive developmental periods. Adverse early …

Summary N 6-methyladenosine (m 6 A) and N 6, 2′-O-dimethyladenosine (m 6 Am) are
abundant mRNA modifications that regulate transcript processing and translation. The role …

The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the
presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive …

Stress constitutes a state of threatened homeostasis triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic
adverse forces (stressors) and is counteracted by an intricate repertoire of physiologic and …

INTRODUCTION Most studies of human genetic variation have focused on single-nucleotide
variants (SNVs). However, copy-number variants (CNVs) affect more base pairs of DNA …

Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)–urocortin (UCN) system has been
implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been …

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are essential for controlling key functions of the brain,
such as voluntary movement, reward processing, and working memory. The largest …

Early life stress (ELS) induces long-term phenotypic adaptations that contribute to increased
vulnerability to a host of neuropsychiatric disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA …