One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or
'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical …

The locus coeruleus (LC), or 'blue spot', is a small nucleus located deep in the brainstem
that provides the far-reaching noradrenergic neurotransmitter system of the brain. This …

Noradrenaline released from the locus coeruleus (LC) is a ubiquitous neuromodulator,,–that
has been linked to multiple functions including arousal,,–, action and sensory gain,–, and …

Preclinical and clinical studies implicate endocannabinoids (eCBs) in fear extinction, but the
underlying neural circuit basis of these actions is unclear. Here, we employed in vivo …

Individual memories are often linked so that the recall of one triggers the recall of another.
For example, contextual memories acquired close in time can be linked, and this is known to …

The differences in cognitive processes driven by biological sex are the issues that have
gotten growing attention recently. Considering the increasing population suffering from …

Erasing traumatic memory during memory reconsolidation is a promising retrieval-extinction
strategy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we developed an acute social …

Learning which environmental cues that predict danger is crucial for survival and
accomplished through Pavlovian fear conditioning. In humans and rodents alike, fear …

Decades of research support the idea that associations between a conditioned stimulus
(CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) are encoded in the lateral amygdala (LA) during …

Therapeutic interventions for disorders of fear and anxiety rely on behavioral approaches
that reduce pathological fear memories. For example, learning that threat-predictive stimuli …