The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb)
owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated …

Reversal learning paradigms are among the most widely used tests of cognitive flexibility
and have been used as assays, across species, for altered cognitive processes in a host of …

The human brain contains approximately 60 billion cerebellar granule cells, which
outnumber all other brain neurons combined. Classical theories posit that a large, diverse …

Highlights•There are multiple signals in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).•ACC activity reflects
value of behavioural change even after controlling for difficulty.•ACC activity reflects …

The basal ganglia play key roles in adaptive behaviors guided by reward and punishment.
However, despite accumulating knowledge, few studies have tested how heterogeneous …

Computational analysis of cellular activity has developed largely independently of modern
transcriptomic cell typology, but integrating these approaches may be essential for full …

The brain mechanism for controlling continuous behavior in dynamic contexts must mediate
action selection and learning across many timescales, responding differentially to the level …

The neuromodulatory arousal system imbues the nervous system with the flexibility and
robustness required to facilitate adaptive behaviour. While there are well understood …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and debilitating illness whose etiology
remains unclear. Small RNA molecules, such as micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been …

There has been a growing interest in understanding the role of the lateral habenula (LHb) in
reward processing, affect regulation, and goal-directed behaviors. The LHb gets major …