Every animal species expresses hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
that respond to a wide variety of external stimuli. GPCRs-driven signaling pathways are …

The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and-2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and-3, respectively),
are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of …

The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the
desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), have …

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) use diverse mechanisms to regulate the mitogen-
activated protein kinases ERK1/2. β-Arrestins (βArr1/2) are ubiquitous inhibitors of G protein …

Arrestins were initially identified for their role in homologous desensitization and
internalization of G protein–coupled receptors. Receptor-bound arrestins also initiate …

All physiological events in living organisms originated as specific chemical/biochemical
signals on the cell surface and transmitted into the cytoplasm. This signal is translated within …

G protein-coupled receptors signal through a variety of mechanisms that impact cardiac
function, including contractility and hypertrophy. G protein–dependent and G protein …

Over the last decade β-arrestins have emerged as pleiotropic scaffold proteins, capable of
mediating numerous diverse responses to multiple agonists. Most well characterized are the …

Virtually all currently used therapeutic agents are small molecules, largely because the
development and delivery of small molecule drugs is relatively straightforward. Small …

Mammalian arrestins are a family of four highly homologous relatively small~ 45 kDa
proteins with surprisingly diverse functions. The most striking feature is that each of the two …