Several models for estimating sporadic-E intensity from Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) radio occultation (RO) observation have previously been developed using a single …

In this work, convolutional neural networks (CNN) are developed to detect and characterize
sporadic E (Es), demonstrating an improvement over current methods. This includes a …

Ionospheric sporadic E layers (Es) are intense plasma irregularities between 80 and 130 km
in altitude and are generally unpredictable. Reconstructing the morphology of sporadic E …

This study presents an analysis of sporadic‐E (Es) structures within WACCM‐X (the Whole
Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension) …

Sporadic‐E (Es) are thin layers of enhanced ionization observed in the E‐region, typically
between 95 and 120 km altitude. Es plays an important role in controlling the dynamics of …

This paper presents the occurrence of the sporadic E layer critical frequency (foEs)
measured from three ionosonde stations in the Southeast Asia equatorial ionization …

Sporadic-E (Es) are characterized by denser layers whose formation could be related to
wave activity in the lower thermosphere, such as planetary waves, tides, and gravity waves …

Abstract The Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) technique
has proven to be a powerful tool for studying E-region irregularities, ie, Sporadic E (Es) …

Current monitoring systems to detect sporadic E use ground-based setups, ionosondes, and
the network of GNSS satellites in order to assess the phenomenon of sporadic E. This paper …

Abstract The Macau Science Satellites (MSS‐1) mission, consisting of twin low earth orbit
satellites (Satellite A and B), is the first low‐inclination and high‐precision geomagnetic …