Sensing internal bodily signals, or interoception, is fundamental to maintain life. However,
interoception should not be viewed as an isolated domain, as it interacts with exteroception …

Animals have sophisticated mechanisms for coping with danger. Freezing is a unique state
that, upon threat detection, allows evidence to be gathered, response possibilities to be …

How does the brain maintain fear within an adaptive range? We found that the insular cortex
acts as a state-dependent regulator of fear that is necessary to establish an equilibrium …

Emotions are fundamental to our experience and behavior, affecting and motivating all
aspects of our lives. Scientists of various disciplines have been fascinated by emotions for …

Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior with a surprisingly broad influence on the brain
and body. The apparent simplicity of breathing belies a complex neural control system, the …

Behavioral adaptation to potential threats requires both a global representation of danger to
prepare the organism to react in a timely manner but also the identification of specific …

Respiratory rhythms sustain biological life, governing the homeostatic exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide. Until recently, however, the influence of breathing on the brain has …

Neurons activated by learning have been ascribed the unique potential to encode memory,
but the functional contribution of discrete cell types remains poorly understood. In particular …

Breathing plays a crucial role in shaping perceptual and cognitive processes by regulating
the strength and synchronisation of neural oscillations. Numerous studies have …

Breathing is regulated automatically by neural circuits in the medulla to maintain
homeostasis, but breathing is also modified by behavior and emotion. Mice have rapid …