Rejection is the major barrier to successful transplantation. The immune response to an
allograft is an ongoing dialogue between the innate and adaptive immune system that if left …

Immune-mediated (IM) adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an underrecognized source of
preventable morbidity, mortality, and cost. Increasingly, genetic variation in the HLA loci is …

Organ transplantation appears today to be the best alternative to replace the loss of vital
organs induced by various diseases. Transplants can, however, also be rejected by the …

OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes results from selective T-cell–mediated destruction of the insulin-
producing β-cells in the pancreas. In this process, islet epitope–specific CD8+ T-cells play a …

Liver transplants are not often rejected in patients weaned from immunosuppression and are
spontaneously accepted in some animal models. We review past and recent findings of liver …

Transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage organ failure, but organ survival
is limited by immune rejection and the side effects of immunosuppressive regimens. T cells …

Costimulation blockade (CoB), specifically CD28/B7 inhibition with belatacept, is an
emerging clinical replacement for calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression in …

The growing gap between demand and supply for kidney transplants has led to renewed
interest in the use of expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys in an effort to increase the …

Normal immune responses stimulated by pathogenic and environmental antigens generate
memory T cells that react with donor antigens and no currently used immunosuppressive …

Interrupting T cell costimulatory signals as a strategy to control undesired immune
responses, such as occur in autoimmunity or transplantation, has the potential to alleviate …