The tundra-taiga boundary stretches for more than 13 400 km around the Northern
Hemisphere and is probably the Earth's greatest vegetation transition. The trees that define …

During the period 1973–1999, the effects of air pollution on the terrestrial ecosystems in the
border areas of Norway and Russia have been investigated by the use of satellite remote …

Birch forests cover large areas of the northern Fennoscandia and the mountain birch (Betula
pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) often forming the altitudinal and Arctic forest and tree lines …

The focus of the work was to investigate dependency between reindeer density and lichen
(Cladonia spp.) ranges in the Finnish semidomesticated reindeer management area …

The study focuses on vegetation changes in the Nordic mountain birch forest in northern
Norway, covering a period of more than 40 yr. The study area comprises the municipalities …

Strategies that cervid species use to meet nutritional requirements may vary depending on
different spatial and temporal scales. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of …

Democratic societies' emphasis on individual rights and freedoms inevitably opens them up
to political disputes. Conflict management should thus be seen as an integral part of …

This chapter discusses the importance of nutrition and adaptation to the seasonally
changing availability and quality of reindeer and caribou diets, and the subsequent …

During the harshest winter, preference of forest habitat by reindeer should be dependent on
the availability of energy-rich lichens, while in summer and easy snow conditions on the …

Studies of caribou herds in northern regions are important to better understand population
dynamics and define wildlife management strategies. Lichen is a primary food source for …