Fear learning is mediated by a large network of brain structures and the understanding of
their roles and interactions is constantly progressing. There is a multitude of anatomical and …

Plasticity elicited by fear conditioning (FC) is thought to support the storage of aversive
associative memories. Although work over the past decade has revealed FC-induced …

Survival requires the selection of appropriate behaviour in response to threats, and
dysregulated defensive reactions are associated with psychiatric illnesses such as post …

Processing emotionally meaningful stimuli and eliciting appropriate valence-specific
behavior in response is a critical brain function for survival. Thus, how positive and negative …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) increases resilience and buffers behavioral stress responses in male
rats in part through decreasing the excitability of principal output neurons in the basolateral …

A common neuroscience application of Pavlovian fear conditioning is to manipulate neuron-
type activity, pair a cue with foot shock, then measure cue-elicited freezing in a novel …

Sensory stimuli associated with aversive outcomes cause multiple behavioral responses
related to an animal's evolving emotional state, but neural mechanisms underlying these …

Defensive behaviors are adaptive responses that are crucial for survival in the face of threat.
The perceived imminence and intensity of threat induces scaling of defensive behavior …

Deficits in cognitive flexibility have been characterized in affective, anxiety, and
neurodegenerative disorders. This paper reviews data, mainly from studies on animal …

Aims Heart failure (HF) patients often suffer from cognitive decline, depression, and mood
impairments, but the molecular signals and brain circuits underlying these effects remain …