Abstract Machine learning approaches using satellite imagery are providing accessible
ways to infer socioeconomic measures without visiting a region. However, many algorithms …

We propose a novel explanation for why sanctions on Russian firms might not work as
intended: these firms' ability to diversify sanction risks via partner countries friendly with …

Abstract This chapter evaluates Kim Jong-un's economic policies on markets, outlines the
economic activities of North Korean households in markets, and analyzes the effects of …

Satellite‐detected night lights data are widely used to evaluate economic impacts of
sanctions. Such data should be free from political manipulation. However, measurement …

This study investigates the impact of military spending and arms exports on economic
growth. Using data from developed countries spanning the period 1973–2022, we employ a …

A large body of literature in economics and political science examines the impact of
democracy and political freedoms on various outcomes using cross-country comparisons …

It is widely regarded that religious freedom does not exist in North Korea. The country's early
state-building process involved a vigorous political struggle to achieve the ideal of a …

We examine relationships between luminosity and local economic growth for counties in
China and the US and districts in Indonesia. Many authors estimate treatment effects on …

Do international sanctions effectively impose economic costs on targeted entities? We
consider various US sanctions imposed on the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps …

The study examines how economic sanctions affect Iran's economy, society, and regional
influence, revealing their effectiveness and long-term implications. It uses quantitative and …