ABSTRACT Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) reached the consumer market
and are used for learning purposes. Risks regarding visual fatigue and high cognitive load …

This narrative review synthesizes and introduces 386 previous works about virtual reality-
induced symptoms and effects by focusing on cybersickness, visual fatigue, muscle fatigue …

Perceiving the shape and structure of the real three-dimensional world through sensors and
cameras is indispensable across various domains. The 3D reconstruction technology is …

There is growing interest in utilising virtual environments (VEs) in the context of sports. In
particular there is a desire to be able to improve sensorimotor skills rather than just using a …

Augmented reality (AR) has gained enormous popularity and acceptance in the past few
years. AR is indeed a combination of different immersive experiences and solutions that …

Although it is commonly accepted that depth perception in augmented reality (AR) displays
is distorted, we have yet to isolate which properties of AR affect people's ability to correctly …

Do you wonder how movies–sequences of static frames–appear to move, or why 3-D films
look different from traditional movies? Why does ventriloquism work, and why can airliner …

Recent advances in technology and the opportunity to obtain commodity-level components
have made the development and use of three-dimensional virtual environments more …

The author would like to thank Dr. John O. Merritt, Senior Consulting Scientist of The Merritt
Group, for very helpful comments on a previous draft of this book and for helpful …

The visual organ is important for animals to obtain information and understand the outside
world; however, robots cannot do so without a visual system. At present, the vision …