Traditional robotic devices are often bulky and rigid, making it difficult for them to adapt to the
soft and complex shapes of the human body. In stark contrast, soft robots, as a burgeoning …

The soft actuators of smart materials have attracted significant attention in recent years due
to their unique functions and distinctive characteristics. The actuators are composed of smart …

Soft actuators have been developed for a variety of applications, including soft grippers,
artificial muscles, wearables, tactile devices, and medical devices. In this review, we will …

Recently, attempts have been made to develop ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC),
which is garnering growing interest for ionic artificial muscle, as a soft actuator and sensor …

Soft actuators are increasingly being required for a variety of application ranging from
robotics to biomedicine. This work reports on the development of printable materials for soft …

During the last years, great progress was made in material science in terms of concept,
design and fabrication of new composite materials with conferred properties and desired …

With the characteristics of low driving voltage, light weight, and flexibility, ionic polymer‐
metal composites (IPMCs) have attracted much attention as excellent candidates for artificial …

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are electroactive polymer actuators that have been
used as artificial muscles and have broad application prospects. In order to further improve …

In this study, starting from the mechanism of ionic-polymer metal composites (IPMC)
blocking force and displacement, the steady state of IPMC with maximum driving force is …

Nafion membrane with macropores is synthesized from silica crystal and composited with Pt
nanoparticles to fabricate macroporous ionic polymer-metal composite (M-IPMC) actuator. M …