In all vertebrates, the thyroid axis is an endocrine feedback system that affects growth,
differentiation, and reproduction, by sensing and translating central and peripheral signals to …

Stress is an event that most animals experience and that induces a number of responses
involving all three regulatory systems, neural, endocrine and immune. When the stressor is …

The head kidney, analogous to the mammalian adrenal gland, is an organ unique for teleost
fish. It comprises cytokine-producing lymphoid cells from the immune system and endocrine …

1. Introduction 1.1. The Fish Forebrain 1.2. Stress 2. Stress and the Brain: The (Neuro-)
Endocrine Hypothalamus 2.1. Fundamental Axes Interact 2.2. The CRF System 2.3 …

Combinations of stressors occur regularly throughout an animal's life, especially in
agriculture and aquaculture settings. If an animal fails to acclimate to these stressors, stress …

Abstract Thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3), the principal thyroid hormones (THs)
secreted from the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, produce a plethora of …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulatory pathways, the targets, the
functions, and the interactions among the corticotropic, melanotropic, and thyrotropic axes …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the pathways, receptors, and mechanisms
involved in teleost fish which form an excellent model to reveal phylogenetically old and …

Besides the well-known function of thyroid hormones (THs) for regulating metabolism, it has
recently been discovered that THs are also involved in testicular development in mammalian …

Human activities have been exerting widespread stress and environmental risks in aquatic
ecosystems. Environmental stress, including temperature rise, acidification, hypoxia, light …