3D printing technologies enable medicine customization adapted to patients' needs. There
are several 3D printing techniques available, but majority of dosage forms and medical …

Abstract Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting of cell‐laden biomaterials is used to fabricate
constructs that can mimic the structure of native tissues. The main techniques used for 3D …

Before a lead compound goes through a clinical trial, preclinical studies utilize two‐
dimensional (2D) in vitro models and animal models to study the pharmacodynamics and …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although investment in
drug discovery and development has been sky-rocketing, the number of approved drugs has …

Abstract Organ‐on‐a‐chip (OOC) platforms recapitulate human in vivo‐like conditions more
realistically compared to many animal models and conventional two‐dimensional cell …

Recently, research is undergoing a drastic change in the application of the animal model as
a unique investigation strategy, considering an alternative approach for the development of …

Bioprinting aims to provide new avenues for regenerating damaged human tissues through
the controlled printing of live cells and biocompatible materials that can function …

Heterogeneity describes the differences among cancer cells within and between tumors. It
refers to cancer cells describing variations in morphology, transcriptional profiles …

With advantageous features such as minimizing the cost, time, and sample size
requirements, organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems have garnered enormous interest from …

Understanding complex cell–cell interactions and physiological microenvironments is critical
for the development of new therapies for treating human diseases. Current animal models …