Punishment is a key incentive to maintain cooperation. But it is costly, hence its effectiveness
is under permanent debate. To overcome this difficulty, we here introduce a sampling …

Punishment is a promising direction to cooperation and thus has been widely studied
through evolutionary game theory, offering potential solutions to social dilemmas. As one of …

When group members claim a portion of limited resources, it is tempting to invest more effort
to get a larger share. However, if everyone acts similarly, they all get the same piece they …

The view that altruistic punishment plays an important role in supporting public cooperation
among human beings and other species has been widely accepted by the public. However …

Involution refers to the over-generation meaningless competition in society when the total
amount of social resources is fixed. With the help of spatial evolutionary game theory, this …

Heterogeneity plays a critical role in promoting cooperation for various evolutionary systems,
which has received widespread attention and research from relevant scholars. Additionally …

Reward and punishment are important factors in maintaining cooperation among selfish
individuals. This paper explores the effects of exposure-based reward and punishment on …

Punishing selfish individuals is regarded as an effective method to maintain social
cooperation. In reality, the corresponding punishment probability should vary with different …

As we all know, the reputation has important influence on individual's decision-making. How
to effectively and objectively measure reputation is very important in based-reputation …

Globalization has led to increasingly interconnected interactions among individuals. Their
payoffs are affected by the investment decision of themselves and their neighbors, which will …