Membrane ion channels are the fundamental electrical components in the nervous system.
Recent developments in X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM microscopy have revealed what …

Neuronal membrane excitability must be resilient to perturbations that can take place over
timescales from milliseconds to months (or even years in long-lived animals). A great deal of …

Neuronal hyperexcitability is a key element of many neurodegenerative disorders including
the motor neuron disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), where it occurs associated …

Electrical signaling is essential for all fast processes in biology, but its molecular
mechanisms have been uncertain. This review article focuses on studies of bacterial sodium …

Variants in the SCN 2A gene, encoding the voltage‐gated sodium channel NaV1. 2, cause a
variety of neuropsychiatric syndromes with different severity ranging from self‐limiting …

Calmodulin (CaM) is a small protein that acts as a ubiquitous signal transducer and
regulates neuronal plasticity, muscle contraction, and immune response. It interacts with ion …

Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels mediate a plethora of electrical activities. NaV
channels govern cellular excitability in response to depolarizing stimuli. Inactivation is an …

Every voltage-gated ion channel (VGIC) has a pore domain (PD) made from four subunits,
each comprising an antiparallel transmembrane helix pair bridged by a loop. The extent to …

Batrachotoxin (BTX), an alkaloid from skin secretions of dendrobatid frogs, causes paralysis
and death by facilitating activation and inhibiting deactivation of eukaryotic voltage-gated …

Na+ channels are essential for the genesis of action potentials in most neurons. After
opening by membrane depolarization, Na+ channels enter a series of inactivated states (eg …