CO 2 is well-suited for thermal management systems (TMSs) in electric vehicles, particularly
in winter when both the cabin air and the battery require heating. However, due to the …

In this study, energy-flow experiments are performed on a fuel-cell (FC) hybrid heavy-duty
truck under constant vehicle speeds of 25 and 75 km/h at normal temperature (23° C) and …

Natural fluid CO 2 has become the preferred target of refrigerant alternative in the electrified
transportation field in recent years to replace positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heaters …

The application of transcritical CO 2 cycle in the thermal management system of electric
vehicles has become increasingly prevalent, but the existing thermal management system …

This study investigates the effects of different operating conditions on system performance
and optimal discharge pressure by establishing a numerical model of CO 2 cabin thermal …

In order to ensure the safety and efficient operation of electric vehicles (EVs), the
performance of the thermal management system (TMS) has grown increasingly pivotal. An …

In recent years, the production and usage of electric vehicles have been encouraged due to
zero emissions, efficiency, and economic factors. Efficient cabin heating and thermal …

Predicting CO 2 emissions in the automotive industry is vital for driving innovation in fuel
efficiency, shaping policies, and fostering a greener, sustainable future. An advanced …

As an important part of the transcritical CO< sub> 2 cycle system, the control strategy played
the key role to ensure the high efficiency and energy saving operation of the system. Studies …

Heat pump technology is an energy-saving technology that can efficiently utilize low-grade
energy. It has broad application prospects in building heating, industrial waste heat …