Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid produced by the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary
adrenal (HPA) axis after a psychological or physiological stressor. The dysregulation of the …

The extraction of cortisol from fingernails represents a recent advancement in the
retrospective, long-term assessment of hypothalamic–pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis activity …

Background Atypical depression may show lowered rather than raised short‐term cortisol
levels. Atypical major depressive episodes (A‐MDE) may also be more closely linked to …

Purpose Cortisol in fingernails could retrospectively reflect cumulative stress over a long
period. However, the association between fingernail cortisol and perceived stress needs to …

Introduction: Elevated levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormone cortisol are
a frequently replicated finding in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the current …

Background" Short-term" samples are not the most appropriate for reflecting chronic cortisol
concentration. Although hair is used for reflecting the systemic level of this hormone, its use …

BackgroundMajor depressive episodes (MDEs) show diverse cortisol level alterations.
Heterogeneity in symptom profiles, symptom severity and cortisol specimens may explain …

The association of cortisol with cognition has been understudied in Bipolar Disorder (BD);
available evidence is inconsistent while it is unknown whether cortisol's effects vary across …

Introduction In this study, we aim to determine 1) the differences in cortisol in patients with
bipolar II disorder (BD-II) and control subjects and 2) the correlation between cortisol levels …

Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with impairment in cognitive domains such
as verbal memory and executive functions. Very few studies have assessed …