Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolites function as critical regulators
to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells to adapt to environmental …

In human pathophysiology, the clash between microbial infection and host immunity
contributes to multiple diseases. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a classical example of this …

Following pathogen infection or tissue damage, the stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells activates members …

NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this …

The production of various reactive oxidant species in excess of endogenous antioxidant
defense mechanisms promotes the development of a state of oxidative stress, with …

According to the International Diabetes Federation in the year 2011, diabetes mellitus (DM)
affects at least 366 million people worldwide, and that number is expected to reach 566 …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are best-known
for their role in host defence from infection. Emerging evidence also suggests that TLRs …

Microglia are the brain's tissue macrophages and are found in an activated state
surrounding β-amyloid plaques in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Microglia interact with …

Macrophage apoptosis in advanced atheromata, a key process in plaque necrosis, involves
the combination of ER stress with other proapoptotic stimuli. We show here that oxidized …

The saturated fatty acids acylated on Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bacterial
lipoproteins play critical roles in ligand recognition and receptor activation for Toll-like …