Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are associated with many human
diseases. So far, however, we have failed to define homeostasis or dysbiosis by the …

The gut microbiota has a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Alterations
in the intestinal microbiota and gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been recognized in …

A Western-style, high-fat diet promotes cardiovascular disease, in part because it is rich in
choline, which is converted to trimethylamine (TMA) by the gut microbiota. However, whether …

Advances in our understanding of how the gut microbiota contributes to human health and
diseases have expanded our insight into how microbial composition and function affect the …

The gut microbiota has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. However, the composition
and functional capacity of the gut microbiome in relation to cardiovascular diseases have not …

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a molecule generated from choline, betaine, and
carnitine via gut microbial metabolism. The plasma level of TMAO is determined by several …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function. The gradual decline in
kidney function leads to an accumulation of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys, resulting …

Despite major strides in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden with modification of
classic CVD risk factors, significant residual risks remain. Recent discoveries that linked …

Microbial trimethylamine (TMA)-lyase activity promotes the development of atherosclerosis
by generating of TMA, the precursor of TMA N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO is well documented, but …

Summary Trimethylamine (TMA) N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-microbiota-dependent metabolite,
both enhances atherosclerosis in animal models and is associated with cardiovascular risks …