A central function of the vascular endothelium is to serve as a barrier between the blood and
the surrounding tissue of the body. At the same time, solutes and cells have to pass the …

Control of cell number is crucial in animal development and tissue homeostasis, and its
dysregulation may result in tumor formation or organ degeneration. The Hippo pathway in …

Oxygen-free radicals, more generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with
reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognised for playing a dual role as both …

Somlyo, Andrew P., and Avril V. Somlyo. Ca2+ Sensitivity of Smooth Muscle and Nonmuscle
Myosin II: Modulated by G Proteins, Kinases, and Myosin Phosphatase. Physiol Rev 83 …

Guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) are directly responsible for the activation of
Rho-family GTPases in response to diverse extracellular stimuli, and ultimately regulate …

Heterotrimeric G proteins are key players in transmembrane signaling by coupling a huge
variety of receptors to channel proteins, enzymes, and other effector molecules. Multiple …

Serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is one of the class of monoamine neurontransmitters,
all of which have a chemical template comprised of a basic amino group separated from an …

This brief review serves as a refresher on smooth muscle physiology for those educators
who teach in medical and graduate courses of physiology. Additionally, those professionals …

The purine nucleoside adenosine acts via four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes: the
adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptor. They are all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) …

The heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit has long been considered a bimodal, GTP-
hydrolyzing switch controlling the duration of signal transduction by seven-transmembrane …