Exosomes are cell-secreted nanoparticles (generally with a size of 30–150 nm) bearing
numerous biological molecules including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, which are …

Cell-derived exosomes have opened new horizons in modern therapy for advanced drug
delivery and therapeutic applications, due to their key features such as low immunogenicity …

Despite multiple immunotherapeutic technologies that achieve potent T cell activation,
effector T cells still lack efficiency because of the highly immunosuppressive conditions in …

Objectives Bone defects caused by diseases and trauma are usually accompanied by
inflammation, and the implantation of biomaterials as a common repair method has also …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with an extremely low
survival rate. New and effective approaches for treatment are therefore urgently needed …

Choroidal neovascularization induced by age-related macular degeneration and retinal
neovascularization induced by diabetic retinopathy—two leading causes of blindness—are …

Tumor vaccination is a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy because it presents
high specificity and few side effects. However, tumor vaccines that contain only a single …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the few stem cell types used in clinical practice
as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and ischemic tissue repair, due to their unique …

Extracellular vesicles are small membrane particles derived from various cell types. EVs are
broadly classified as ectosomes or small extracellular vesicles, depending on their …

Targeted drug delivery to the glioblastoma (GBM) overcoming blood–brain barrier (BBB) has
been challenging. Exosomes are promising vehicles for brain tumor drug delivery, but the …