Infections are one of the major selective pressures acting on humans, and host-pathogen
interactions contribute to shaping the genetic diversity of both organisms. Evolutionary …

We summarize the current knowledge on parasitism‐related invasion processes of the
globally invasive Rattus lineages, originating from Asia, and how these invasions have …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensor molecules in vertebrates triggering initial phases of
immune responses to pathogens. The avian TLR family typically consists of ten receptors …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of conserved pattern-recognition molecules
responsible for initiating innate and acquired immune responses. Because they play a key …

Understanding the relative role of different evolutionary forces in shaping the level and
distribution of functional genetic diversity among natural populations is a key issue in …

Penguins (Sphenisciformes) are an iconic order of flightless, diving seabirds distributed
across a large latitudinal range in the Southern Hemisphere. The extensive area over which …

Selective pressure from pathogens is considered a key selective force driving the evolution
of components of the immune system. Since single components of the immune system may …

Understanding how immune genetic variation is shaped by selective and neutral processes
in wild populations is of prime importance in both evolutionary biology and epidemiology …

We characterized the nucleic acid‐sensing Toll‐like receptors (TLR) of a New World bat
species, the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), and through a comparative …

When cardiovascular diseases are viewed from an evolutionary biology perspective, a
heightened thrifty and an inflammatory design could be their mechanisms. Human ancestors …