Large-scale computational molecular models provide scientists a means to investigate the
effect of microscopic details on emergent mesoscopic behavior. Elucidating the relationship …

Background Freezing reduces the temperature of the food system and extends the shelf life
of food. However, the inevitable formation of ice crystals could impact food quality. Small …

Water freezing is ubiquitous and affects areas as diverse as climate, the chemical industry,
cryobiology and materials science. Ice nucleation is the controlling step in water freezing …

Nucleation, the initial process in vapor condensation, crystal nucleation, melting, and
boiling, is the localized emergence of a distinct thermodynamic phase at the nanoscale that …

The nucleation of crystals in liquids is one of nature's most ubiquitous phenomena, playing
an important role in areas such as climate change and the production of drugs. As the early …

Amorphous ices govern a range of cosmological processes and are potentially key materials
for explaining the anomalies of liquid water. A substantial density gap between low-density …

Molecular simulations have provided valuable insight into the microscopic mechanisms
underlying homogeneous ice nucleation. While empirical models have been used …

Water is the most abundant liquid on earth and also the substance with the largest number
of anomalies in its properties. It is a prerequisite for life and as such a most important subject …

Frozen water has a quasi-liquid layer at its surface that exists even well below the bulk
melting temperature; the formation of this layer is termed premelting. The nature of the …

The freezing of water affects the processes that determine Earth's climate. Therefore,
accurate weather and climate forecasts hinge on good predictions of ice nucleation rates …