Executive summary Far-reaching changes to the structure and function of the Earth's natural
systems represent a growing threat to human health. And yet, global health has mainly …

Research into land and social-ecological systems science could benefit from improved
clarity in the terminology used for causal analysis and a structured way to make causal …

Despite expanding interest in ecosystem service research over the past three decades, in-
depth understanding of the contribution of forests and trees to food production and …

More than 10,000 years after the Agricultural Revolution started, millions of rural
smallholders across the developing world may still derive as much income from foraging …

We review and confirm the claim that credible evaluations of common conservation
instruments continue to be rare. The limited set of rigorous studies suggests that protected …

Alternative livelihood project (ALP) is a widely used term for interventions that aim to reduce
the prevalence of activities deemed to be environmentally damaging by substituting them …

Landscape approaches attempt to achieve balance amongst multiple goals over long time
periods and to adapt to changing conditions. We review project reports and the literature on …

Background Alternative livelihood projects are used by a variety of organisations as a tool
for achieving biodiversity conservation. However, despite characterising many conservation …

Wild edible fruits (WEFs) are among the most widely used non-timber forest products
(NTFPs), and important sources of nutrition, medicine, and income for their users. In addition …

Payments for environmental services (PES) are often viewed as a way to simultaneously
improve conservation outcomes and the wellbeing of rural households who receive the …