The ability to establish behaviorally what psychological capacity an animal is deploying—to
discern accurately what an animal is doing—is key to functional analyses of the brain. Our …

Abnormalities in the simplest form of learning, habituation, have been reported in a variety of
neuropsychiatric disorders as etiologically diverse as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fragile X …

Individuals differ in how they learn from experience. In Pavlovian conditioning models,
where cues predict reinforcer delivery at a different goal location, some animals—called sign …

Goal-directed behaviors allow animals to act to satisfy needs and desires. The outcome
devaluation task is an effective method for identifying goal-directed behaviors and …

Loss of flexible control over alcohol use may contribute to the development of alcohol use
disorders. An increased contribution of response habits to alcohol‐related behaviors may …

Teachers become rapidly more effective during the early years of their career but tend to
improve increasingly slowly thereafter. This article reviews and synthesises converging …

Highlights•Diverse changes of activity within and across circuits encode habit
formation.•Habits are differently processed by striatal output pathways.•Key questions …

This revised third edition provides an up to date, comprehensive overview of the field of
comparative psychology, integrating both evolutionary and developmental studies of brain …

Motivationally attractive cues can draw in behavior in a phenomenon termed incentive
salience. Incentive cue attraction is an important model for animal models of drug seeking …

The attribution of incentive salience to reward‐paired cues is dependent on dopamine
release in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC). These dopamine signals conform to …