Domestic chickens are members of an order, Aves, which has been the focus of a revolution
in our understanding of neuroanatomical, cognitive, and social complexity. At least some …

Animal personalities or behavioural syndromes are consistent and/or correlated behaviours
across two or more situations within a population. Social insect biologists have measured …

There has been considerable interest among biologists in the phenomenon of non‐human
animal personality in recent years. Consistent variations among individuals in their …

How individuals interact with their environment and respond to changes is a key area of
research in evolutionary biology. A physiological parameter that provides an instant proxy …

During foraging, animals have to balance the risk of predation with the energy gain. The
amount of risk animals take for a given resource depends on their energy budget but is …

Natural selection can generate correlated suites of phenotypic traits by acting independently
on physiological and behavioural characters or on mechanisms that exert pleiotropic …

A fundamental element of how vertebrates respond to stressors is by rapidly elevating
circulating glucocorticoid hormones. Individual variation in the magnitude of the …

Animals in urban habitats face many novel selection pressures such as increased human
population densities and human disturbance. This is predicted to favour bolder and more …

The causes and consequences of individual differences in animal behavior and stress
physiology are increasingly studied in wild animals, yet the possibility that stress physiology …

There is growing evidence that behavioral tendencies, or “personalities,” in animals are an
important aspect of their biology, yet their evolutionary basis is poorly understood …