Punishment of non-cooperators has been observed to promote cooperation. Such
punishment is an evolutionary puzzle because it is costly to the punisher while beneficial to …

The threat of punishment usually promotes cooperation. However, punishing itself is costly,
rare in nonhuman animals, and humans who punish often finish with low payoffs in …

Game experiments designed to test the effectiveness of reward and/or punishment
incentives in promoting cooperative behavior among their participants are quite common …