For a long time Leishmaniasis had been considered as a neglected tropical disease.
Recently, it has become a priority in public health all over the world for different aspects such …

Infectious diseases are caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi,
bacteria, viruses, and parasites. After infection, disease progression relies on the complex …

A key point of immunity against protozoan Leishmania parasites is the development of an
optimal T cell response, which includes a low apoptotic rate, high proliferative activity and …

Through whole-genome sequencing analysis, we identified non-Leishmania parasites
isolated from a man with a fatal visceral leishmaniasis–like illness in Brazil. The parasites …

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a key virulence factor expressed on the surfaces of Leishmania
promastigotes. Although LPG is known to activate macrophages, the underlying …

Background Although the literature shows that an increase in both the number and
suppressive function of CD4+ forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ T-regulatory cells (Tregs) during …

Intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani demands rapid production of host ATP for its
sustenance. However, a gradual decrease in intracellular ATP in spite of increased …

Extracellular ATP and its derivates mediate a signaling pathway that might be
pharmacologically targeted to treat inflammatory conditions. Extracellular adenosine, the …

ENTPDases are enzymes known for hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides and playing an
essential role in controlling the nucleotide signaling via nucleotide/purinergic receptors P2 …

High IL-10 levels are pivotal to parasite survival in visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Antigenic
stimuli induce IL-10 expression and release of adenosine by CD39/CD73. Due their intrinsic …