The MAVEN spacecraft launched in November 2013, arrived at Mars in September 2014,
and completed commissioning and began its one-Earth-year primary science mission in …

The origin and evolution of Venus', Earth's, Mars' and Titan's atmospheres are discussed
from the time when the active young Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence. We show …

Coupling between the lower and upper atmosphere, combined with loss of gas from the
upper atmosphere to space, likely contributed to the thin, cold, dry atmosphere of modern …

When the supersonic solar wind reaches the neighborhood of a planetary obstacle it
decelerates. The nature of this interaction can be very different, depending upon whether …

The Electron Reflectometer (ER) on board Mars Global Surveyor measures the energy and
angular distributions of solar wind electrons and ionospheric photoelectrons. These data …

The Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Mars on
September 12, 1997. It includes the MAG/ER instrument with two magnetometers providing …

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Magnetic Field Investigation was designed to provide fast
vector measurements of the ambient magnetic field in the near‐Mars environment and over …

Two of the primary goals of the MAVEN mission are to determine how the rate of escape of
Martian atmospheric gas to space at the current epoch depends upon solar influences and …

A potential function using spherical harmonics up to degree and order 90 was derived from
a selection of Mars Global Surveyor vector data. These included all three components of …

This book addresses hybrid simulation of plasmas; it is aimed at developing insight into the
essence of plasma behavior. Major current applications are to astrophysical and space …