Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self-and non-
self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular …

Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens.
Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling …

The plant immune system is fundamental for plant survival in natural ecosystems and for
productivity in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants …

Plant immune responses are mainly activated by two types of receptor. Pattern recognition
receptors localized on the plasma membrane perceive extracellular microbial features, and …

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors activate cell death and
confer disease resistance by unknown mechanisms. We demonstrate that plant …

Plants rely on PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to detect
invading pathogens and subsequently activate defense mechanisms. Recently, four Nature …

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) is an obligately biotrophic downy mildew that is
routinely cultured on Arabidopsis thaliana hosts that harbour complex microbiomes. We …

This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.
Plants recognize the presence or invasion of microbes through cell surface-localized pattern …

Plants use diverse immune receptors to sense pathogen attacks. Recognition of pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors localized on the …

Contents I. Introduction 295 II. Evolution of the Plant Vascular System 295 III. Phloem
Development & Differentiation 300 IV. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xylem Cell …