T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), a member of the TIM
family, was originally identified as a receptor expressed on interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and …

Severe infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 is
characterized by massive cytokine release and T cell loss. The exaggerated host immune …

Tolerance to self-antigens prevents the elimination of cancer by the immune system,. We
used synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to overcome immunological tolerance and …

In chronic infections and in cancer, persistent antigen stimulation under suboptimal
conditions can lead to the induction of T-cell exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are …

The T‐cell response is central in the adaptive immune‐mediated elimination of pathogen‐
infected and/or cancer cells. This activated T‐cell response can inflict an overwhelming …

Co-inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, have an important role in regulating T
cell responses and have proven to be effective targets in the setting of chronic diseases …

Immunotherapy is being increasingly recognized as a key therapeutic modality to treat
cancer and represents one of the most exciting treatments for the disease. Fighting cancer …

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections
and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss …

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) was originally found to be expressed on
the surface of Th1 cells, acting as a negative regulator and binding to the ligand galectin-9 to …

Antiretroviral therapy can effectively block HIV-1 replication and prevent or reverse
immunodeficiency in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, viral replication resumes within …