2018 marks the 100-year anniversary of the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed~ 50
million people worldwide. The severity of this pandemic resulted from a complex interplay …

Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-
stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans …

The 2018–2019 period marks the centennial of the “Spanish” influenza pandemic, which
caused at least 50 million deaths worldwide. The unprecedented nature of the pandemic's …

Few viruses have shaped the course of human history more than influenza viruses. A
century since the 1918–1919 Spanish influenza pandemic—the largest and deadliest …

After experiencing the SARS outbreak in 2003, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan all
invested in various techniques to mitigate future pandemics involving myriad cross-species …

Abstract In March and early April 2009, a new swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV)
emerged in Mexico and the United States. During the first few weeks of surveillance, the …

Newly emerging or" re-emerging" viral diseases continue to pose significant global public
health threats. Prototypic are influenza viruses that are major causes of human respiratory …

Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that continuously circulate and change in
several animal hosts, including birds, pigs, horses and humans. The emergence of novel …

Five decades have passed since the proposal of the molecular clock hypothesis, which
states that the rate of evolution at the molecular level is constant through time and among …

A highly invasive form of non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease has recently been
documented in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The most common Salmonella …