The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of emotion.
However, we lack an integrative framework for understanding how different emotion-related …

Learning the value of stimuli and actions from others—social learning—adaptively
contributes to individual survival and plays a key role in cultural evolution. We review …

Moral outrage shapes fundamental aspects of social life and is now widespread in online
social networks. Here, we show how social learning processes amplify online moral outrage …

Placebo effects are beneficial effects that are attributable to the brain–mind responses to the
context in which a treatment is delivered rather than to the specific actions of the drug. They …

Dual-system approaches to psychology explain the fundamental properties of human
judgment, decision making, and behavior across diverse domains. Yet, the appropriate …

Social animals including humans share a range of social mechanisms that are automatic
and implicit and enable learning by observation. Learning from others includes imitation of …

Compared with reward seeking, punishment avoidance learning is less clearly understood
at both the computational and neurobiological levels. Here we demonstrate, using …

Humans often represent and reason about unrealized possible actions–the vast infinity of
things that were not (or have not yet been) chosen. This capacity is central to the most …

In the highly social life of humans, rewards that are sought and experienced are intertwined
with social relationships and interactions between people. Just as we value nonsocial …

How does the brain translate information signaling potential rewards into motivation to get
them? Motivation to obtain reward is thought to depend on the midbrain [particularly the …